Wild Rodent Ectoparasites Collected from Northwestern Iran.

BACKGROUND
Rodents play an important role as reservoir of some pathogens, and the host of some ectoparasites as well. These ectoparasites can transmit rodents' pathogens to human or animals. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and infestation load of ectoparasites on rodents in Meshkin-Shahr District, northwestern Iran.


METHODS
Rodents were captured using baited live traps in spring 2014 from Meshkin-Shahr District and were transferred to the laboratory for identification to the species level. Their ectoparasites were collected, mounted and identified.


RESULTS
Three rodent species including Meriones persicus (74%), Mus musculus (16.9%) and Cricetulus migratorius (9%) were identified. Among all rodents, 185 specimens (90.69%) were infested with a total of 521 ectoparasites. Overall, 10 arthropods species were collected, including fleas (97.6%), one mite (1.6%) and one louse species (0.6%) as follows: Xenopsylla nubica, X. astia, X. buxtoni, X. cheopis, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, N. iranus, Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenophthalmus rettigismiti, Ornithonyssus sp and one species of genus Polyplax. The most prevalent ectoparasites species was X. nubica (89%).


CONCLUSION
Nearly all rodent species were infested with Xenopsylla species. Monitoring of ectoparasites on infested rodents is very important for awareness and early warning towards control of arthropod-borne diseases.

Because of high climatic diversity in Iran and numerous ecological niches of rodents, there is a considerable potential for survey on their ectoparasites to find the vulnerability of vector-borne zoonoses in the country.
There was no comprehensive study on the rodent and their ectoparasites in northwest of Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the distribution and infestation level of ectoparasites on rodents in selected sites in Meshkin-Shahr County located in northwest of the country. This will help us in monitoring ectoparasites infestation to alerting and early warning to possibility for control of arthropodborne diseases in northwestern part of Iran.

Study area
Meshkin-Shahr County (38° 26′N 47° 45′E) is one of the counties located in Ardebil Province (Fig. 1). The province is considered the coldest province in Iran. Large parts of the province are forested and green. Neighboring the Caspian Sea and the Republic of Azerbaijan, the province is of great economic significance as well as splendid natural beauty and numerous sights. Meshkin-Shahr County is located at an elevation of 1,341 meters above sea level, the whole district occupying the foot-hills of Sabalan Mountain. The weather is extremely cold in the winter (down to -27 °C) and warm during the summer (up to 40 °C). Many tourists come to the region for its cool climate.

Rodent collection
Rodents were live trapped at different localities including Altisiluo, Khiav, Abiz, Our, Oudkandi and Magandeh. Rodent's collection was carried out on various occasions and different places like indoor places, farms, roadsides and other places in spring 2014. Live traps were randomly set in different aforementioned habitats baiting with favorable food of rodents according to the season. These traps were set at different parts of selected regions of the district from 11:00 AM to the next day.

Ectoparasites collection
Captured rodents were transported rapidly to the laboratory of Meshkin-Shahr Research Station and their ectoparasites were isolated using brushing on the fur or by a fine forceps immediately after transporting. Collected ectoparasites were stored in 70% ethanol for preservation and identification.

Rodents and ectoparasites identification
Different morphological criteria were used for identification of rodents in the species levhttp://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 14, 2017 el by preparation of rodent skulls, mounting of ectoparasites, identification of rodents (Etemad 1976) and ectoparasites (Strandtmann and Wharton 1958). Ectoparasites specimens were fixed in between microscope slides and cover glass and confirmation of some species was carried out according to standard methods provided.

Discussion
In the present investigation, three rodent species including Meriones persicus, Mus musculus and Cricetulus migratorius were caught in Meshkin-Shahr District located in Ardebil Province, northwest of Iran during spring 2014.
Study on these rodents is essential as they have an important role as host of many parasitic agents (Darvish et al. 2015). Out of 204 collected rodents, M. persicus was the most prevalent species in that area (74%). In the former investigations, occurrence of this rodent has been revealed in Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Turkey and Pakistan (Carleton and Musser 2005). Moreover, in northwest of Iran, this species was found in Maku and Urumiyeh located in West Azerbaijan Province as well as Jolfa located in East Azerbaijan Province (Lay 1967). In a recent investigation in northwest part of Iran, this species has been found in Kordasht, Sufian and Tabriz (East Azerbaijan Province) as well Zanjan County in Zanjan Province (Darvish et al. 2015). This species is introduced as a probable reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis in Iran (Shojaei and Mohebali 2005). The presence of this species in Meshkin-Shahr District is consistent with the above mentioned investigations. Furthermore, we could find Mus musculus in our investigation. This species has been found in almost all parts of the country (Etemad 1976). Another species C. migratorius, has been captured in Meshkin-Shahr and reported with high titers of Leishmania antibody in Meshkin-Shahr (Mohebali et al. 1995(Mohebali et al. , 1997. Ectoparasites play an important role in transmitting some diseases to human and domestic animals (Williams et al. 1997, Eisen andGage 2012). Therefore, study on ectoparasites will help investigators to evaluate the possibility of pathogens transmission in a given area.
In this study, the most prevalent (89%) ec-toparasite was X. nubica. This species has been introduced as the vector of plague in Mauritania (Eisen and Gage 2012). Among other flea species collected in this study X. astia, X. buxtoni, X. cheopis and N. fasciatus are introduced as the vectors of plague in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, Iran, Libya, Mauritania, East Africa, Southern Africa and South America (Eisen and Gage 2012).
In another study in Germi, Ardebil Province, two species of rodents were trapped: M. persicus and Microtus socialis with the frequency of 90.4% and 9.6%, respectively (Kia et al. 2010). The frequency of M. persicus is in concordance with our result. Although we did not find M. socialis in the present investigation, but two other species, i.e., C. migratorius and M. musculus species were trapped in our study.
Other investigations carried out in west of Iran reported some ectoparasite including Pulex irritans, X. buxtoni, Nosopsyllus medus, Polyplax spinolosa, Rhipicephalus sp, Hyalomma sp, Lealaps nuttalli, Dermanysus sanguineus and Ornithonussus bacoti (Telmadarraiy et al. 2007). The difference between this study with our investigation may be due to the host and climate. The importance of ectoparasites has encouraged investigators to study on other animals like hedgehogs (Goz et al. 2016). In a most recent investigation carried out on 21 hedgehogs ectoparasites in east part of Turkey (northwest of Iran), R. turanicus and A. erinacei were detected, also, http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 14, 2017 infestation rate for ticks and fleas was detected as 66.6% and 100%, respectively (Goz et al. 2016). We could not collect these ectoparasites on the caught rodents. This is expected to be so, because A. erinacei is the ectoparasite of hedgehogs, cats and dogs (Pomycal 1985).

Conclusion
Five flea species identified in this study are introduced as the vectors of plague in different foci of the disease around the world, so it is recommended to do a serological study for plague in rodents and their ectoparasite in this area. Monitoring of ectoparasites on the infested rodents is very important for awareness and early warning towards control of arthropod-borne diseases.